History and Significance of Oceanography

History and Significance of Oceanography Dr. Sajjad Hussain Sajjad Introduction â€Å"Oceanography is a branch of earth science which deals with the study of world oceans† Oceanography is a boarder term in which many sciences focused on the common goal of understanding then oceans. Geology, Physics, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Botany, Zoology, Mathematics, and Meteorology all play important role in the expanding over knowledge of the oceans. Geological Oceanography is the study of earth at the sea â€Å"edge below its surface and the history which poses ocean basin. Physical Oceanography deals the causes and properties of water movement such as wave’s currents and tides. Physical Oceanography also poses the study of the transmission of energy such as sound light and heat in sea water and the study of heat transfer and water cycle is called Marine Meteorology. Chemical oceanography deals with composition and history of the water. Biological Oceanography is the study of all marine organism and the interaction between there organism and the environment. The study of the oceans was promoted by intellectual and the social forces as well as by our need for marine resources and trade etc. Oceanography started conversional, it began to develop as a modern science in the mid 1800 s. Our progress towards the goal of understanding the ocean has been uneven and it has frequently changed direction. The interest and need of nations as well as the intellectual curiosity of scientists have controlled the rate at which we study the ocean. Objectives Historical overview of Oceanography Scope and Significance of Oceanography Main body of assignment Historical overview of Oceanography The Early Times Peoples have been gathering information about the ocean for millennia accumulating bits and pieces of knowledge and passing it on by word of mouth. Curious individuals must have acquired their first idea of the oceans from wondering the seashore. Wading in the shallows and gathering food from the ocean edge. During Palaeolithic period the humans developed the barbed, spear, or harpoon and the gorge. At the beginning of the Neolithic period the bone fishhook was developed and later the net. As early human moved slowly away from their in land. Centre’s of development, they were prepare to take the benefits of seafood sources when they first explored and later settled along the ocean shore. The remaining of shell and refuse in piles known as kitchen maddens have been found at these sites of ancient shore settlement. The artefacts that have been found probably give us only an idea of the minimum extent of ancient short ancient. Mediterranean the ancient Greeks caught maintain and traded fish while the Phoenicians founded fishing settlement such as the fisher town Sidon that grew into important trading ports. Some historian believes that seagoing ships of all kinds are derived from early Egyptian vessels. The first recorded travel by sea was led by pharaoh snafu about 3200 B.C. The Phoenicians who lived in present day Lebanon from about 1200 to 146 B.C. were well known as excellent sailors and navigator. The Phoenicians were the only nation in the region at that time that had a navy. They traded through the Mediterranean Sea with inhabitants of North Africa, Italy, Greece, France and Spain. In 1999 the wreckage of two Phoenician cargo vessels circa 750 B.C. was explored using remotely operated vehicles (ROVS) that could dive to the wreckage and send back live video images of ships. Ptolemy (C.A.D.127-51) developed the world first atlas and drawing the world boundaries to the north the British Isles Northern Europe and the strange land of Asia to the South and known land terra Australia incognita including Ethiopia, Libya, and the India Sea to the East China and to the West, there is the great Western Ocean reaching around earth to china. Middle Ages Scientific thought and intellectual activity declined after Ptolemy for about 1000 years in Europe. During the Middle Ages improved ship buildings to the south in the Mediterranean region after fall to the Roman Empire. Arab scholars continue Greek and Roman knowledge to build on it. During the Middle Ages, while Scholarship about the sea continue primitive. The knowledge of navigation increased Harbours finding charts appeared. Dutch navigational chart from Johannes van Kerulen great new and improved sea atlas or water world of 1682-84. The compass direction follow the pattern used in early fourteen century protolanos http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18757/18757-h/18757-h.htm Voyages of Discovery Early in the fifteenth century, the Chinese organized seven voyage the explore the pacific and Indian ocean has more than 300 ships, in which more than one ship are 122m(400 ft.) long participation in these adventures to extend Chinese influence and demonstrate the power of the Ming dynasty. This voyages ended in 1433. The individual most responsible for the great age of European discovery was Prince Henry the navigator (1394- 1460) of Portugal. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) made firer voyages across the Atlantic Ocean in an effort to find a new route to the East Indies by traveling west rather than east. Italian navigator Amigo Vespucci (1454-1512) made several voyage to the world (1499-1504) from Spain and Portugal, exploring nearly 10,000 km of South American coastline. After that the captain James Cook (1728-1779) made his three great voyages. He was British navigator and he was famous for his voyages. In 1768 he left the England then he returned in 1871 and he explored and ch arted coast of New Zealand and Eastern Australia. In this third journey between (1772-1775) he explored the Antarctic Ocean. In the United States, Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) travels between England and America. His cousin and a whaling captain from Nantucket constructed the chart of gulf stream current when published the chart, encouraged captains to sail with in the gulf stream en routes to Europe and return via the trade wind beat and follow the gulf stream north again to Philadelphia, New York city and many other parts. http://www.maps.com/ref_map.aspx?pid=11340 Prof. Nils Jerlov (1910-1990) Professor Nils Jerlov is belonging from Sweden and passed away at the age of 80. He got the degree of graduation in 1932 and took his doctor degree in 1939 at the University of Lund. After that he was appointed a professor in Physical Oceanography at the University of Copenhagen in 1963. Nile Jerlov took part in a number of expedition’s a. o. Prof Niles Jerlov participated in the Swedish worldwide Oceanography expeditions with the R/V Albatross (1947-1948). He had number of specialities but a great interested was optical Oceanography. The study of optical Oceanography includes light penetrating sea water. Niles Jerlov was member of many international associations for Physical Oceanography and the Danish national board for Oceanology as well as many others. Then the Nils Jerlov met with B.Kullenberg and make outstanding investigation of the optical properties of sea water and his major investigation is the optical classification of sea water which is called Jerlov Classificatio n. Jerlov was interested in many fields. He wrote publication on the heat budget of sea water, nuclear Physics and the population problems. He concluded his own and his other research colleagues work in the book and published under the name marine optics Jerlov and his staff developed a world famous institution of optical oceanography in Copenhagen. Jerlov had no understanding of disputes between colleagues about the publication of scientific result. History of Oceanography in Germany The deutsche Gesell chaff fur Meeresforschung has developed a working group on the history of marine investigation. It is all those interested in German Marine Science including the Mathematics and Technology political history of Geography and Marine history. Oceanography at Royal Museum of Scotland A new scientific instrument gallery planned by Alison Morrison Low has opened at the RMS in Edinburgh. It contains the distinguished history of Oceanography in Scotland. The Extended U.S Territorial Sea At the Meeting at the law school in January 1991 Professor Harry Schieber at the University of Hawaii. His Co- author Chris Carr of the University of California at Barkley presenting a paper on problem of United State Fisheries Oceanography in relation to extended Jurisdiction Policies (1945-1989). Ocean Resources: Industries and Rivalries A volume with this title edited by Harry N. Schieber contains many historical papers based on paper repared for the 10th international economic history congress. Belgium Leuven after that the Dr. Herman Ueberlein on Breganzona Lugano Switzerland has contributed the private collection of 6500 books and many documents based on the history of marine and fresh water research. A congress organised to commemorate 500 years of Portuguese’s maritime Escola Nacional De Saude public a, Lisbon 10-13 September 1990 and 50 participants from the U.K, Spain, Portugal, and Japan prepared paper based on the medical subjects related to Portuguese maritime discoveries and their era. It will be published the AV- Padre Cruz 1699 Lisboa Codec and the national de Saude Publica. Scope and Significance of Oceanography The ocean important to every individual on the earth planet. People enjoy the beauty of the oceans and bounty of its waters, but may not fully understand that every day actions- boating improper waste disposal construction ignoring developing areas can affect the oceans and its resources. Planning for long term growth development and use of coastal areas is the key to continued life of the oceans. Project Oceanography has dedicated a portion of its 1998 fall schedule to year of the oceans (YOTO). The declaration of 1998 as the international year of the oceans provides a chance for organization governments and individual to raise public awareness of the role that the ocean play in our lives, and to initiate changes needed to sustain the marine resources on which we all depends. The most important points of (YOTO) are hoping to get across to everyone. These points include: The significance of ocean to health on the earth planet. Different kinds of instruments that we use to study the oceans. The significance of marine environment and the living organism in them are threatened. Participating in YOTO is easy for everyone, and it might be an on-going participation there is a numerous of free materials at resources available throw government agencies’ much of it via the internet, which you can use in your class room for many years. Now it is a good time to order and download lot of free, high-quality marine educational material. Both President Clinton and wise president Al Gore or main supporters of ocean protection. They are advocating what may prove to be a new era in ocean exploration among many of the new programme announced in June 1998, the United State will review ocean resources and policy to insure a â€Å"Cleaner† Marine Environment, Healthier. Ocean cover greater than 70% of the earth surface and it contain 99% of the living space on the earth. Without the oceans the organisms do not survive, it would be five fewer phyla of animals on the earth surface. However it is the most important to preserve the oceans and to protect the biodiver sity which living on the earth surface. Biodiversity Mangrove, Salt Marshes, Sea grass, Beds and Coral Reefs or just a few of the ocean environment which support a large number of different species of organism- that is, have a high biodiversity. Estuaries are brackish water system that empty there water into the world oceans, and support many, many fishes and many other living organisms. Along with the coral reefs, estuaries sustain 75% of all commercial fishes and shellfish during some point of their life cycles. Mangroves not only act as nurseries for commercially important marine species, they also act as a filtration system for coastal water. Natural Resources The floor of ocean habitat is not as well-known as coral reefs or coastal areas, but it is very important to all other organisms that live on the bottom of the oceans. The continental shells and ocean floor is store house of many important minerals including natural gas oil. Transportation The oceans are not only important to sustain life, but also help in the moving of materials that we use more than 95% of U.S. foreign trade passes through U.S ports and Harbours. Without barges, commercial ships transportation of goods from place to place would be much more difficult and expensive. Cities which have good natural harbours have always had an advantage, and even today are some of the largest cities in the world. Climate and Weather Warm ocean water provides the energy to fuel storm system that provides fresh water which is necessary to land-dwelling organisms. The oceans effect climate and global weather as the air passes over the warm water, rises due to warming. When it is cold condensation of water take place and create rainfall. If the air passes or a cooler water, it becomes cools and sinks. Air removes from high to low pressure areas. Warm air moves with the Gulf Stream toward the northern Europe. Thus, the winters and northern Europe or not intolerable. Economy The ocean is also important to our economy. One of every six U.S. jobs is marine-related, and more than 66% of the world populations lives within 100 km of the coastline. Real state, occupation, recreation and many other services associated with the ocean generate 54 billion dollars in goods and services per year. Revenue related to the ocean is produced throw, kelp, food, recreation, and moaning, shipping and biomedical products. Source of trade Routes The trade between different countries confined to the oceans and it determined different routes which joining different countries Source of food Supply Oceans are most important source of food supply including red algae, sponges, fish’s etc. sponges and cartilage from the sharks or being used in medicine to help fight the battle against cancer. Source of Salt Oceans are major source of salt which is use for different purposes. And which is necessary to many marine organisms. Source of Water vapour Another most important function of oceans is the formation of water vapours. Political importance of oceans. Source of ecosystem Strategic importance Source of atmospheric circulation Acknowledgement References Akbari, H., Menon, S. and Rosenfeld, A., (2008). Global Cooling: Effect of Urban Albedo on Global Temperature. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report, Berkeley, CA. Alcoforado, M. J. and Andrade, H. (2008). Global Warming and the Urban Heat Island. Urban Ecology, 249-262. Arnfield, A. J. (2003). Micro and mesoclimatology. Progress in Physical Geography, 27, 435-447. Fedra, K. (1999). Urban Environmental Management: Monitoring, GIS, and Modelling. Computer, Environment and Urban Systems. 23 p. 443-457. Herold, M., Gardner, M. E. Roberts, D. A. (2003). Spectral resolution requirements for mapping urban areas, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, accepted for publication (in press). Huxhold, W. E. (1991). An Introduction to urban Geographic Information Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. Lata, K. M., Sandra, R. and Badrinath, K. V. S. (2001). Measuring urban sprawl, A case Study of Hydrabad, GIS Dev.5. Meteorological department of Pakistan, Annual Report (2012) Seto, K. C, Shepherd, J. M. (2009). Global Urban Land-Use Trends and Climate Impacts, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 1: 89-95.

Cell extraction

I was conducting count. When I got to the top of the stairs the inmate was standing in is cell in front of the bars with a cup in his hands. As I passed he threw the contents of the cup. The contents hit me on the right side of the face. This is considered to be an assault on an officer, and the inmate now has to be extracted from his cell. The extraction team has usually 7 to 8 staff involved, all of the team will have been through the cell extraction training and have done cell extractions in a controlled environment.The officer in charge will approve the extraction and oversee the operation. The segregation lead worker is the team leader and will deploy the Freeze Plus or the Taster which ever tool is approved by the OIC and the officer of the day. There is a staff member that uses the shield. There will be two staff members that are control 1 and 2. These members of the team are to cannonading†¦ Control of the inmate's arms and legs so the restraint members can apply the res traints, there are usually 1 or 2 officers doing this.One member will run the video tape for staff and inmate protection if a case ever goes to court, and will be used for training purposes in the future. There is one staff member that runs the bar box that opens the door to he cell. There is a member of health services that is in the unit in case of complications during the extraction. To do a proper extraction you must give the inmate the opportunity to correct his actions. So the correctional professional gives orders, 3 orders are given to the inmate to back up and be restrained.If the inmate refuses the initial orders, a final order is given to the inmate cell front then the inmate is informed which force will be used. If the inmate refuses the final order, use the tool that was approved for the extraction. The Taster shoots two small barbs attached to electric wires that will shock with 50,000 volts for seven seconds and then stops, if the inmate still will not comply with ord ers the Taster can be utilized again if the barbs are still attached to the inmate.This is one tool that is available for us to use. The chemical agent that the Department of Corrections uses is called Freeze Plus. It is a fogging and direct spray chemical agent. When using the Freeze Plus, we spray the inmate across the eyebrows allowing the spray to get into the inmate's eyes, any exposure on the face there will be eye irritation, and this is the other tool hat is available.After the deployment of either the Taster or the Freeze, we have the bar box operator open the cell door allowing the shield and the rest of the extraction team into the cell and gain compliance of the inmate. This is the most dangerous moment in a cell extraction because all hell breaks loose. Once the extraction team has gained compliance escort the inmate into the office and allow health services to do an examination on the inmate Loading†¦ Most correctional professionals don't like to do the cell extra ction because it puts Taft at risk of getting hurt and sued from the inmate.The main thing that we say is everyone goes home safe, the cell extraction can be a dangerous time for staff, but is a good way to move a noncompliance inmate from one cell to more secured location. The Department of Corrections only uses the cell extraction as a last resort in order to create a safe environment for inmates and officers. I am good at performing cell extraction's it is something I have trained on over and over again. I have to be good because any mistake can cost my staff or an inmate their life.

Language Skills Essay

I started the Celta  course in September 2011; therefore my only Teaching Practice has been to a group of 16 Level 1 students. This particular group is lively, engaged and eager to learn. It was clear that if after a session they had not learnt new vocabulary or mastered a tricky grammar rule they were disappointed. For the purpose of this assignment I have chosen an article from the Reader’s Digest January 2012 entitled ‘If I ruled the World’ by Dr Simon Thurley, Chief Executive of English Heritage. I think this text has several advantages; it is suitable for all cultural backgrounds and also gives students descriptions and insight into British culture. The language I think is appropriate for Level 1, neither too easy nor too difficult. With the chosen text students will be able to practice reading skills such as skimming for gist, reading for comprehension and scanning for information. The text can also be used to give students practice in the productive language skills – speaking and writing, discussion in class about what students would do if they ruled the world and for homework they could research for example the history of Stonehenge. Although not a specific requirement of this assignment students may learn new vocabulary and it reinforces the unreal conditional, which we covered during one of the Teaching Practices in November. I would introduce the topic of discussion for the day’s lesson by asking students to talk about heritage sites in the UK giving Stonehenge (show a picture) as an example Ask if any of them had visited Stonehenge or any heritage sites. I would also test students’ knowledge of the vocabulary needed to answer the comprehension questions i.e. deciduous species, parochial, etc. First Reading In the first exercise I would give the students a sheet with the gist questions and ask them to read through them. Then, I would ask the students to skim the text individually in about 5 minutes and ask them to work in pairs to answer the following questions: 1. Who wrote the article? Dr Simon Thurley, Chief Executive of English Heritage 2. What do you think the article is about? What Dr Thurley would do if he ruled the world? Second Reading Now I would ask the students to look over the detailed task questions, then scan and read the text again and answer the questions in pairs: 1. Simon Thurley would plant a trillion trees, which would be good for climate change. What else would it be good for and what do trees represent in the world? Because they make the world more beautiful as they are always moving and growing and mark the change of the seasons. Trees are the lungs of the world. 2. How would Simon Thurley made sure that every child in the world had a sense of history, identity and belonging? By teaching children the history of the place they live in to give them roots. Everyone needs a sense of belonging and a knowledge of historical background can make a big difference in attitude. 3. Why would Simon Thurley open all our old canals and train lines? We could put freight back on barges and reinstate train halts in villages across the country so as to decrease the number of lorries and cars using the roads causing pollution and traffic jams. 4. Why would Simon Thurley impose a tax on all businesses that put up Christmas decorations before 10 December? He would do this as he believes that Christmas is a time that should be short and special. Also there are many people who cannot afford to spend a great deal at Christmas and they feel alienated by the commercial frenzy. He would then use the revenue from the taxes to help less fortunate families over the Christmas period. 5. Why does Simon Thurley think that although a tunnel under Stonehenge would be expensive it is a priority and should be undertaken in the near future? Because having the main road so close, 25 yards, means that the monument is subject to fumes and noise. 6. Does Simon Thurley believe that the money donated to charities is used or purpose that it was intended? No he thinks that a lot of the money goes towards administrative costs and donors need to be confident that their money will make a difference. 7. How would Simon Thurley make it easier for everyone to get on with their lives? By making it illegal to ban things that people do in the privacy of their own homes. He would repeal five banned things a year and have less interference. 8. Does he think it is a good thing for anyone person to rule the world and why? No he does not because absolute power corrupts absolutely. Whilst the students are working in pairs I would monitor and help if necessary. After they have completed the task I would ask individual students to give their answers. I could at this stage reinforce the grammar of the unreal conditional â€Å"If I ruled the world I would†¦.† and then open up the discussion and ask students to discuss in pairs what they would do if they ruled the world and then open the discussion to the whole group with an exchange of ideas. As homework I would ask students to look up The English Heritage Internet site and pick a monument or building of historical importance in this country and describe it.

Coffee Is The Most Consumed Drink Of The World And...

Coffee is the most consumed drink in the world and especially for college students. We as college students drink coffee as water during the exam weeks for us to stay awake. On the other hand some people drink coffee not because they had to like college students but because they are addicted and like it. Most Americans typically drink about two cups of coffee per day and most europeans drink about four cups of coffee per day. But despite the facts, have you wonder why you can’t get through the day without drinking a cup of coffee? My goal in this paper is to prove that coffee cravings may actually be in gene and a recent study found a genetic propensity for coffee consumption. Coffee is perhaps the most widely used stimulants in the world. In fact more than half of American Adults (61 percent) consume coffee on a daily basis (National Coffee Association, 2014). Drinking coffee makes one feel more attentive and alert because it is a highly lipid soluble, so it tends to cross from the bloodstream into the brain very fast and that one can feel the effects pretty quick. This is shown by the research in animals that coffee has shown that it reaches peak accumulations just within minutes of ingestion (Ryan L). And it hangs around in the brain, stimulating the regions that control sleep, mood, and concentration, slowly dissipating over three to four hours, which is plenty of time for you to get through your morning inbox, survive the staff meeting, return a few calls, and then getShow MoreRelatedCaffeine Synthesis1722 Words   |  7 Pageswhether they realize it or not. In fact, â€Å"caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive substance in the world† (Ru xton How is this instead (Caffeine is especially common throughout†¦) 15). 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During the day, coffee is taken more for conviviality to improve performances and to cope with stress. Caffeine is the most widely consumed socially active substance in the world. Caffeine has often been studied in connectionRead MoreThe Consumption Of Caffeine Has Grown All Over The World1751 Words   |  8 Pagesthe world in the past few years, and has become a norm for many individuals to consume coffee throughout the day. In many occasions individuals may not know that they may be consuming coffee through various products that may not necessarily be types of coffee drinks. The coffee trend has become one phenomenon that that has become into a multi million-dollar industry that continues to grow at an astonish fast rate throughout the world. The traditional individuals that were thought to consumed coffeeRead MoreFood Tradition : The Thread That Links Generations1605 Words   |  7 PagesPeople classify themselves by what they put their time and effort in . 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